Which of the following is a common source of stress for captive birds?

Captive birds often experience a range of stressors that can adversely affect their well-being. Loud noises can create an environment that is perceived as dangerous, leading to heightened anxiety and fear. Birds have sensitive hearing, and loud sounds can be startling, which may cause them to become excessively stressed.

Bright lights can also be a source of stress, particularly if they are too intense or flickering. Birds have evolved in natural environments where light changes gradually, and sudden, harsh light can disrupt their circadian rhythms and lead to anxiety.

Inconsistent handling further compounds stress for captive birds. These animals benefit from routine and predictability in their interactions with handlers. When birds are subjected to varied handling techniques or unpredictable human behavior, it can lead to confusion and fear, making the bird more prone to stress responses.

Given that all these factors can contribute to the overall stress levels in captive birds, the correct answer encompasses all of these aspects, highlighting the multifaceted nature of stressors that affect their mental and physical health.